VAT value added tax (VAT)
From the principle that the tax, value-added tax on goods production, circulation, labor services in various sectors of the additional value of the added value of goods or impose a turnover tax. Implementation of price, tax, which is from the burden on consumers, value-added tax not only do not value-added tax, but in practice, add value or value-added goods in the production and circulation process is very difficult to accurately calculated. Therefore, China has adopted the universal use of international tax deductible way, that is, sales of goods or services in accordance with the sales, in accordance with the regulations of the amount of output tax rate calculated before deducting the goods or services obtained by the payment of VAT , Of the amount that is input, the difference is due part of the value-added tax, which reflects the calculation of the taxable value of the principle factors.
The following formula: = output tax allowance for redeeming - for input
VAT calculation formula: sales tax / (1 + rate) = Taxes not included sales
Taxes not included sales tax = Yingjiaoshuie ×
Above that value-added tax is implemented the "price, tax," What is the price of tax » That is, price, taxation, the burden on consumers is from. For example:
Your company to a company buying 100 of goods, amounting to 10,000 yuan, but you actually have to pay the company the money is not the other 10,000 yuan, but 17% * 10000 +10000 (assuming capital gains tax rate was 17 per cent) = 11,700 yuan .
Why only the value of goods bought only 10,000 yuan, and would also like to pay a 1,700 yuan this » Because at this time, your company as another burden on consumers to 1,700 yuan in value-added tax, which is the price of value-added tax levy. This 1,700 yuan of value-added tax on your company is "input." a company received an additional 1,700 yuan this VAT shall not return a company, a company on the value-added tax to 1,700 yuan to the State. Therefore, only a collection of companies paying it, not the burden of this tax.
For instance:
Your company to purchase the goods processed into 100 A 80 Products, sold to b, 15,000 yuan in sales, you have to b company charged the purchase price of a product not only 15,000 yuan, but 17% * 15000 +15000 = 17,550 yuan, because at this time as consumers b companies should also pay another company to you the value-added tax of 2,550 yuan, this is your company's "output tax." Your company at a value-added tax of 2,550 yuan this is not all under your company, you have on the company to the State, therefore, 2,550 yuan of value-added tax, nor is the burden of your company, your company is only the collection of paying it.
If your company is the general taxpayer, you can input in the output tax deductible.
You bought goods company to pay the proceeds of VAT is 1,700 yuan, a sales charge of product sales of value-added tax is 2,550 yuan. Since your company is the general taxpayer, the proceeds of the sale of value-added tax in the value-added tax deductions in, so your company on to the State VAT is not charged to the b 2,550 yuan, but :2550-1700 = 850 yuan, so it B 850 yuan also in your company to purchase a product you paid to the company, through your company to the State. b companies have bought a product of your company, then sold to companies c, c d re-sold to the company ......, these processes are to be charged value-added tax until sold to the ultimate consumer, but also put onto VAT To the ultimate consumers, so VAT is also turnover tax.
If you are an accounting from the accounting entries also see:
Your company to a company buying 100 of goods, was recorded at:
By: Raw materials 10000
Yingjiaoshuijin - value-added tax (for input) 1700
Margin: accounts payable - a company 11700
Points are not recorded in charge of 1,700 yuan as the company's costs, but as a "Yingjiaoshuijin," because your company is the general taxpayer, the amount of input tax can be offset.
B your company to a company sales of 80 products, points were recorded:
By: Accounts receivable - b companies 17550
Margin: Income from principal operations 15000
Margin: Yingjiaoshuijin - value-added tax (output tax amount) 2550
Recorded in the minutes and not to b charged 2,550 yuan of value-added tax, as the company's operating income, but linked to "Yingjiaoshuijin" because it does not mean you to the company, but should be handed over to state revenue.
Output tax amount - for input = 2550 - 1700 = 850 yuan to the State is to the tax.
Value-added tax on the sale of goods or the provision of processing, repair services and repair of imported goods on their units and individuals to achieve a collection of value added taxes. December 13, 1993, the State Council promulgated the "Provisional Regulations on the People's Republic of VAT", December 25, the Ministry of Finance issued the "Interim Regulations on the implementation details of the People's Republic of VAT", in the January 1, 1994 will go into effect.
Implementation of value-added tax advantages: first, to implement the principle of equitable burden; second, to the rationalization of production and management structure; third, and is conducive to expanding international trade; fourth, to state universal, timely and secure access Financial income.
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First, the taxpayers of value-added tax
In the People's Republic of China in the sale of goods or the provision of processing, repair services and repair of goods imported units and individuals who pay taxes for the capital gains tax.
Second, the scope of VAT
The scope of VAT, including: 1, cargo 2, taxable services; 3, imports of goods.
Third, the rate of value-added tax
VAT rate is divided into third gear: the basic rate of 17%, a low tax rate of 13 percent and zero.
Fourth, the tax based on value-added tax
Taxpayers taxable sales of goods or the provision of services based on its sales tax, import tax based on the composition of tax provisions for price.
5. Redeeming value-added tax allowance calculation
1, the general taxpayers in redeeming the amount of output tax allowance = current - the current amount of input.
2, redeeming the small-scale taxpayers with sharp sales tax = ÷ (1 + rate of levy) × the rate of levy
3, the imported goods in redeeming allowance = (customs tariffs on dutiable prices + 10 consumption tax) × rate
6, the VAT tax returns and tax sites
VAT tax returns time and in charge of national tax authorities approved the tax deadline is linked to. To a tax on for a period of the taxpayers, since the expiry of 10 days from the date of declaration of taxpayers; 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15, a period of taxpayers to pay taxes, since the date of expiry Within five days of prepaid taxes, from 1 to 10 and closed last month to declare redeeming tax.
VAT fixed place of business operators to declare the tax authorities to pay taxes, value-added tax to the families of non-fixed-industry sales tax returns to tax authorities, imports of goods should be imported by the people or their agents to the declaration to customs tax.
7, value-added tax preferential policies
1. Agricultural producers of primary production for sales of agricultural products;
2. Contraceptive drugs and appliances;
3. Old books;
4. Directly used for scientific research, teaching and scientific experiments, the import apparatus, equipment;
5. Foreign governments, international organizations, aid to the import materials, equipment;
6. Processing, assembling and compensation trade Laijian for imports of equipment;
7. By organizations of persons with disabilities for direct import of goods for the disabled;
8.'s Own sales of used goods (excluding boats, motorcycles, cars candidates consumption tax).
The scope of VAT
Value-added tax revenue include: sales and imports of goods, providing processing services and repair workshop. Here is the tangible movable goods, including electricity, heat, gas, etc., not including real estate. Processing is entrusted with the processing of goods, that is commissioned to provide raw materials and key material, according to the commission, entrusted with the requirements of manufacturing goods and charge processing fees of business; repair workshop is entrusted with the injury and loss of function of the goods to repair, rehabilitation The status quo and functions of the business.
¡ø In addition the following acts are deemed for the sale of goods, are required to charge VAT.
Consignment of goods will be handed over to others
For others the sale of goods
The goods transferred from one place to another (except for the same counties and cities)
Will be commissioned production for the processing of goods or for non-taxable items
Will be production for, commissioned by the processing or purchase of goods as the other units of investment
Will be production for, commissioned by the processing or purchase of goods distribution to shareholders or investors
Will be production for, commissioned by the processing of goods for personal consumption or employee benefits
Will be production for, commissioned by the processing or purchase of goods donated others
In China, the scope of value-added tax and business tax for the scope of non-duplication, no longer value added tax levy of sales tax, the levy of sales tax with value added tax is no longer. But in actual economic activity in the taxpayers or mixed operation of these two tax taxable acts.
For a sale of taxable capital gains tax if both the goods involved in business tax and the taxable services, as mixed sales activities, such as: the taxpayers responsible for the sale of goods and transport, sale of goods to the scope of value-added tax, transport to the scope of business tax. This tax treatment, for the production of primary goods, wholesale or retail of taxpayers (referring to the taxpayer, the sale of goods accounted for all of its business turnover of more than 50 per cent), all as the sale of goods with value added tax, Instead of levying business tax on non-primary goods production, wholesale or retail of other taxpayers, all taxable services as business tax, value added tax and no longer.
And the sales mix of different acts, acts of means taxpayers engaged in acts of taxable capital gains tax, it is also engaged in business tax taxable, and between the links and there is no direct affiliation. This is the tax treatment of taxpayers will be asked two separate accounting and tax, if it can not separate accounting or were not accurate accounting, all the value added tax.
Other more specific scope of taxable value-added tax also include: the physical delivery of goods futures, died when Pawnbroking sales, production and marketing of non-postal sector philatelic products (the postal sector production and marketing of goods to pay sales tax collectors), and so on.
¡ï mixed with the sale of non-taxable labor of comparison:
mixed sales activities and acts of non-taxable labor than their similarities between the two is not only the sale of non-taxable goods and services of two acts. Difference is that in the mix of sales with a sales acts (the same business) in the two mixed, that is, sales of non-taxable goods and services closely linked to that mix as one (such as sales and was responsible for installing air-conditioning), the Sale of Goods , And non-taxable services at the same time, from the same buyers (customers) to obtain and difficult to distinguish; of stress is the same taxpayer's business activities, there are two different types of taxable items, they are not in Sales of the same (the same business) took place in, that is different is in the same buyers (customers) on. Therefore a judgement of whether the taxpayer is mixed acts or acts of sales, mainly to see its sales of goods and services to provide non-taxable whether the conduct occurred in the same business (that is, non-taxable sale of goods and services, At the same time provide the services on the same customers) and, if so, compared with mixed sales; If not, for acts. It is precisely because of mixed sales behavior and acts of a different nature, it is not the same as its tax principles. The former is the taxpayers' main business operations "as the standard division, on all sales (turnover) only levy a tax or levy value-added tax, sales tax or levy, which is for accounting standards, taxpayers were able to Accounting and accurate accounting, taxation, respectively (that is, the levy of sales tax, non-taxable services levy of sales tax), if they can not or were not accurate accounting of accounting, the non-taxable labor act together to levy value-added tax.
In addition, special attention should be paid is taxable and non-taxable labor services in the "Interim Regulations on the value-added tax" and the "Interim Regulations on the sales tax" is not in the connotation of the same. "Interim Regulations on the value-added tax" in the meaning is different. "VAT" Interim Regulations on the meaning of taxable capital gains tax apply labor is the labor, processing, repair workshop two types of services; its alleged non-taxable labor means should be "business tax" Interim Regulations on the collection of business taxes and transportation, construction And so on seven categories of labor. "Sales tax" Interim Regulations on the meaning of taxable services, applications and business tax refers to the seven categories of labor, the alleged non-taxable labor candidates is precisely the processing of value-added tax, repair workshop two types of labor. Therefore, the value-added tax and business tax law chapter devoted to the mix of sales and non-taxable labor, is actually the "Interim Regulations on the value-added tax" and "Provisional Regulations on business tax" from a different angle taxes on the same issue from a different Perspective by the provisions of the same in real terms.
, j people pay taxes
Engaged in acts of taxable capital gains tax for all units and individuals and is not engaged in acts of taxable capital gains tax but endowed with the Daikou value-added tax obligations are value-added tax people pay taxes. In 1994, foreign-invested enterprises before the reunification of Commerce and Industry to pay tax, value-added tax is not the taxpayer, but on November 6, 1993 the State Administration of Taxation issued Guoshuifa [1993] No. 138 "on foreign-related tax collection and management issues related to the implementation of value-added tax notice ", From January 1, 1994 value-added tax from foreign-funded enterprises have become the people pay taxes.
Since implementation of value-added tax with VAT receipts tax deduction system, so the taxpayers of accounting require a higher level, the requirements are accurate accounting of output tax amount of input tax allowance and redeeming. But the reality is that a large number of taxpayers can not to this request, "the People's Republic of value-added tax" Interim Regulations on taxpayers will operate according to their size and the soundness of accounting for the taxpayers in general and small-scale taxpayers. Specific criteria for the division:
Production of the taxpayers, the taxable capital gains tax on sales of 1 million yuan;
The wholesale, retail and other non-productive taxpayers, the taxable capital gains tax on sales of 1.8 million yuan.
Small-scale taxpayers
Annual sales of less than the previous standard for small-scale taxpayers, in addition personal, non-enterprise units and non-taxable capital gains tax frequent acts of enterprises have also been identified as small-scale taxpayers. Small-scale taxpayers in meeting the standards upon approval of the application can become the general taxpayer.
The small-scale taxpayers simple way to achieve value added tax, which does not allow input tax deductible.
The general taxpayer
Sales of taxable capital gains tax, the standard could become the general taxpayers, in addition to the taxpayers if the production of sound accounting, this standard can be relaxed to 300,000 yuan, but the non-production-oriented business enterprises, regardless of their sound accounting To achieve both the soundness standards can be identified as the general taxpayer. In addition, because since 1999, to promote national compulsory tax control tanker, the tanker and to prohibit non-tax control the production and sale, the State Administration of Taxation on December 3, 2001 issued Guoshuihan [2001] No. 882 "on the gas station VAT will be in accordance with the notice of general taxpayer revenue "from the provisions of January 1, 2002 onwards will be engaged in all the gas stations are identified as the general taxpayers, regardless of their size and whether the accounting standards are sound.
Has been identified as the general taxpayers of enterprises without the following acts, even if a particular year's taxable sales of non-standard usually not eligible to cancel the general taxpayer.
Forging VAT receipts, or a steal, cheat, resistance;
Three consecutive months of undeclared or six consecutive months of unusual and unwarranted tax returns;
Custody is not in accordance with the regulations, the use of VAT receipts, tax control devices, resulting in serious consequences.
For taxpayers in general has just become a business enterprise (including small-scale taxpayers to taxpayers in general) need to go through a period of counselling to become a tax official of the taxpayers in general, counselling usually not less than six months. Counselling period of its tax department will conduct more rigorous management, including: restrictions on the monthly invoice for the purchase, the number of over-subscription for the purchase, according to previous Linggou and have been issued for the sales invoices, advance to the competent tax authorities 4% of the value-added tax paid, and so on.
Counselling period of 6 months after its deal with the tax authorities to conduct a comprehensive assessment at the same time meet the following requirements can be identified as the official general taxpayer.
The conclusions of the normal tax assessment
Interviews, field inspection of the results of normal
Enterprises to declare and pay the normal tax
Enterprises can accurately accounting proceeds, the amount of output tax and the right to acquire and issued special vouchers and other legitimate input tax deductible certificate of
Where such conditions are not met one of the tax authorities to extend their period of counselling tax taxpayers in general or cancel its qualifications.
Rate, the rate of levy
VAT applies basic rate of the general taxpayer, a low tax rate. Small-scale taxpayers apply the rate of levy, taxpayers in general sales, and other old stuff also apply the rate of levy.
Basic rate
For taxpayers in general in taxable capital gains tax, except for the following low-tax, tax exemptions, etc., should be applied 17% of the basic rates for tobacco, alcohol and other luxury goods, such as through a special levy of consumption tax to a tax burden of regulation.
Low tax rates
In order to reduce the tax burden for certain sectors, in addition to basic rates, also provides a profile of the low tax rate of 13%, to a low tax rate of the goods are: agricultural products, heating, air conditioning, hot water, gas, petroleum gas, natural gas, Methane, the residents of coal products; books, newspapers, magazines, feed, fertilizer, pesticides, agricultural machinery (not including farm machinery parts and components) of plastic sheeting, metal and non-metallic Kuangcai Xuan products and other goods under the State Council. VAT taxpayers in general sales or import these goods by 13 per cent of the low tax Jizheng value-added tax.
The rate of levy
Small-scale application of the rate of levy taxpayers, including small-scale business class taxpayers, the applicable rate of levy of 4%; small-scale industrial taxpayers, the applicable rate of levy of 6 percent, and are not allowed input tax deductible.
Another according to the Ministry of Finance and taxation [2002] on the 29th "on the old stuff and the old motor vehicle tax policy notice", since January 1, 2002, the taxpayer is the value-added tax, regardless of their [taxpayers in general or small-scale taxpayers] Sales old stuff, all the four percent tax levy rate by half after the value added tax, and shall not be deductible amount of input. Taxpayers sell their used by the levy of consumption tax are motor vehicles, motorcycles, yachts, at more than the actual value, in accordance with the 4% rate of tax levied by half after the value added tax; price did not exceed the actual value, exempt from VAT. Vehicle unit sales of operating the old old motor vehicles, motorcycles, boats, in accordance with the 4% rate of tax levied by half after the value added tax.
The water company sales of tap water, according to the State Administration of Taxation May 17, 2002 Guoshuifa [2002] No. 56 "on the water industry value-added tax policy issues notice" by 6 percent rate of levy value added tax, but its purchase of Waterworks water in the VAT invoices indicate on the VAT tax can be offset.
Chinese-foreign cooperative oil (gas) fields exploitation of crude oil, natural gas under the State Council on February 22, 1994 State of the (1994) on the 10th "on the foreign-invested enterprises and foreign enterprises to value-added tax, consumption tax, business tax revenue Interim Regulations on the issue of notification" 5 per cent rate of levy value added tax.
Tax relief
"Interim Regulations on the People's Republic of China value-added tax" provisions of Article 16 of the following eight items exempted from VAT:
Sales of production for agricultural producers of agricultural products
Contraceptive drugs and appliances
Ancient Books
Directly used for scientific research, teaching and scientific experiments, the import apparatus, equipment
Foreign governments, international organizations, aid to the import of supplies and equipment
Processing, assembling and compensation trade Laijian for imported equipment
By organizations of persons with disabilities for direct import of goods for the disabled
Sales of their used items
Also, does not meet the threshold also be exempt from value-added tax, capital gains tax relief to the State Council, any region, the department has the right to capital gains tax relief, but the provincial tax bureau in accordance with the provisions of the extent of local conditions to determine the effect Levy points.
In addition to the above statutory tax exemption, approved by the State Council, the Ministry of Finance, State Administration of Taxation, and other ministries also have some new provisions of the relief projects, including:
Units engaged in infrastructure construction and installation of business enterprises associated processing plants, workshops, created in the construction of prefabricated units at the scene, where the unit or directly used for the construction of this enterprise, not to collect VAT
Due to the transfer of copyright and the sale of home movie film, video master, the master tape recording business, and the transfer of patent technology and non-patent technology ownership and sale of computer software business, not to collect VAT
The State Copyright Bureau registration of computer software products, sales in conjunction with the transfer of copyright, ownership, the collection of business taxes, value added tax
Mining or processing without a supply of natural water, such as agricultural irrigation water supply reservoirs, since the factory for the production of the mining underground water, not to collect VAT
The telecommunications sector and its affiliated companies sell phone books, phone books, business income, value added tax
Sales to the armed forces, the uniformed military supplies exempt from VAT
The military, armed police system-owned enterprises in the production or deployment of the system sales of steel products, lumber, cement, boilers and other goods, exemption from VAT
The military, armed police and military system, the General Logistics Department and defense unit of the Commission for approval of imported equipment, instruments and spare parts, exemption from import value-added tax
The military armed police and public security departments to import the dogs exempt from import value-added tax
People with supplies exempt from VAT
People with the processing and repairs, repair services exempted from VAT
For people with special import of goods, exemption from import value-added tax
Use of sludge produced building materials, exempt from VAT
China Book Import and Export Corporation sold to research institutes and institutions of imports scientific research, and teaching books, exempt from VAT
Rural electric charging stations of the rural power grids maintenance costs, exemption from VAT
Plastic sheeting, seeds, seedlings, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, farm machinery, and other means of agricultural production, exempt from VAT
The national plan, imports of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, exempt from import value-added tax
Shouchu to assume the task of the state-owned grain enterprises to sell grain and other food businesses selling military food, relief grain, grain reservoir resettlement and the government of edible vegetable oil reserves, exempt from VAT
Blood supply to medical institutions Linchuangyongxue, exempt from VAT
The non-profit medical institutions production for their own preparations, exempt from value-added tax; profit-making medical institutions production for their own preparations, three-year exemption from VAT
People's Bank by placing the international market price of gold, exempt from VAT
Gold production and unit sales of gold sales (excluding Condition for the AU9999, AU9995, AU999, AU995; specifications of 50 grams, 100 grams, 1 kg, three kilograms, 12.5 kilograms of standard gold) and gold ores (including associated gold), free Value-added tax levy
Gold Exchange Gold Exchange member units through the sale of gold standard, no physical delivery of the exemption from VAT, in-kind delivery from the tax authorities in accordance with the grid and a value-added tax invoices, and the exercise of that levy value-added tax that is returned to the policy, while the avoidance Levy urban maintenance and construction taxes On the imports of gold (including standard gold) and gold ores (including associated mine), exempt from import VAT
Shanghai Diamond Exchange in trading of diamonds, exempt from capital gains tax on diamonds sold to the domestic market, not duty-free list
Direct access to the Shanghai Diamond Exchange, the import of diamonds, not in the import-related value added tax
University Logistics entities to provide the college student cafeteria food, edible oil, vegetables, meat, poultry, eggs, condiments and cutlery canteens, exempt from VAT
University College logistics to other entities to provide the fast-food export income, capital gains tax exemption
School-run enterprises for the production of teaching and research aspects of the University of taxable products (not including the consumption tax taxable products), exempt from VAT
The State Council approved the establishment of the China Cinda, Huarong, Great Wall and Orient, and other four asset management companies and their subsidiaries, the acceptance of the relevant state-owned banks non-performing loans, borrowers with the goods, real estate, intangible assets, securities and instruments, such as touch - Filling the principal and interest of loans, sales of assets exempt from the transfer of the goods, real estate, intangible assets, securities, instruments and the use of the goods, real estate leasing business in the capital gains tax to be paid
The railway system within the unit-based system of the vehicle repair business, exempt from VAT
Recycling of waste materials on the sale of its business units acquired by the recycling of used materials, exemption from VAT
On foreign governments and international organizations to aid in domestic procurement of goods, exemption from VAT
Embassies and consulates in China into the official supplies, brought into the diplomatic representatives of their own goods, embassies and consulates arrival of the technical staff within six months into the installation goods exempted from import value-added tax
COSCO ship repair business, exempt from VAT
National Professional sports teams to import or international organizations and foreign gift, sponsorship of sports equipment and clothing for competition, exempt from import value-added tax
Of the 29th Olympic Games Organizing Committee received donations to sales of goods and transfer of assets after the income, capital gains tax exemption
On foreign governments and international organizations, grants for the 29th Olympic Games, the import goods, exemption from import VAT and customs duties
The International Olympic Committee, international individual sports organizations and other social groups, and other imports from abroad by mail without the inflow of the domestic market, and the 29th Olympic Games of the non-trade related documents, books, audio and video, CD-ROMs, within a reasonable amount, Exempt from import VAT and customs duties. Construction of Olympic venues for imported models, drawings, drawing board, electronic document CD-ROM, design and Suyin that this and other non-trade of planning and design programmes, exemption from import VAT and customs duties
On the way to general trade imports for the 29th Olympic Games venues in the building of the necessary equipment and sports venues are inseparable from the fixed facilities and equipment used directly for the Olympic Games of the consumables (such as playing ball, etc.), exempt from Import VAT and customs duties
Of the International Olympic Committee from Chinese territory, and the 29th Olympic Games-related income and the Chinese Olympic Committee in accordance with relevant agreements and contracts, the compensation paid by the organizing committee divided into income and income exempted from tax-related
On the successful processing enterprises for the building of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway sleeper processing and production of cement prefabricated units, exemption from VAT
Governmental organizations from the auction sales of atypical pneumonia or designated agencies donated materials income, capital gains tax exemption
Foreign organizations, enterprises and individuals to the Chinese territory of donations of food, medicine, rescue tools, and other daily necessities and relief goods exempted from import value-added tax
Sales of domestic production of urea products reimburse taxes collected by the 50 percent value-added tax adjustments for the waiver to levy value-added tax
Intercity border trade through the border region of imports of goods, per person per day value of 1,000 yuan in the following exempted from import value-added tax
Offshore fishing enterprises or foreign fishing vessels on the high seas and waters caught and shipped back to domestic sales since the capture of aquatic products processing and products exempted from import value-added tax
The airlines directly under the CAAC and local airline "9th Five-Year" during the import aircraft (including the lease of aircraft), 6% Jizheng temporarily reduced import value-added tax
- The use of coal, coal cinder, oil shale and the production of wind power, as well as national listing of some new wall materials products, value added tax halved
This list is only part of relief items but not all.
Value-added tax in transition
The so-called value-added tax in transition, that is, China's current production-based value-added tax to consumption-type VAT. In the current production-based value-added tax system, enterprise purchases of fixed assets covered by the VAT taxes, does not allow pre-tax deduction, and the introduction of consumer-oriented value-added tax, it means that this part of taxes in pre-tax deductions. The world, the vast majority of the tax system of value-added tax by a market economy country, are consumer-oriented implementation of the VAT. Because it is conducive to upgrading equipment companies, thus the popular enterprises welcome.
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